Is The Criminal Justice System Racially Biased? Essays -- essays resea

Is the Criminal Justice System Racially Biased?Most criminologist enjoyment two sources of criminal justness data in theUnited States the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) and the National CrimeVictimization Surveys (NCVS). The URC data is made from law enforcementagencies and complicate crime incidents reported to or obtained by the police.NCVS data is obtained from a very complex national survey of a sample of homesand provide information close crime incidents and victims for both reported andunreported crimes, excluding homicide. For my report I obtained researchinformation from questionnaires and from several text books. I gave thequestionnaire concerning bias in the criminal justice system to four whites,four blacks, one Asia, and one Mexican. Although this sample is notrepresentative of racial attitudes in general, it can used to develop a smashsense of differences among students.     To discuss my findings fully I must define a few terms. The CriminalJustic e System is the network of agencies that respond to crime, including thepolice, courts, shut ups, and prisons. Minority chemical group is a group of people who,because of physical or cultural char get alongeristics, are singled out fordifferential and different and who regard them as objects of collectivediscrimination. Discrimination is the act of singling out for unfair treatment.Labeling is stereotyping, or putting a tag on someone, and treating themaccordingly. Self-fulling Prophecy is an expectation about how things will bethe situations that they predicted or expected. Finally, Differential connection is the idea that interacting with others learns criminal behavior.     It is no secret whites and blacks in America experience life differentlybecause of their race. Therefore, whites and blacks view the criminal justicesystem differently. My research rear 70% of those studied agree the courts donot offer equal treatment. Although both agree that the system is biased,whites seem to cede a more incontrovertible view about the whole system, while Blacksfeel the system is corrupt and works against them. 50% of my non-white sampleand 20% of my white sample felt the courts discriminate. James Henslin, antecedentof the text Social Problems, states "Violent crime recedes with income ...people with higher incomes live in better, more affluent and less viole... ...that continue totarget poor minorities.     My results did show that there was differences in the way black andwhite students in American society view the criminal justice system. Becauserace can be compared to SES non-whites have a more negative view of how oftenpolice discriminate. On the other hand whites are not ignorant to the negativepolice discrimination non-whites face heretofore they feel it happens muchless than it actually does, or almost never. Similar, in the courts, more non-whites feel their is discrimination. My answer to this could be th at non-whitesare being convicted, going to jail and receiving the death penalty, while whiteare the ones suing, and are not getting convicted for crimes when they arearrested. While we all agree the criminal justice system is corrupt, my studiesshow, whites and blacks disagree with the extent to which it happens. This is anobvious result because blacks and whites are in two separate moral communities.Blacks have been negatively labeled, and stigmatized as lower class citizens whocause trouble. Inturn they have been the victim of legislation that keeps themin the dismal status they are in.

Jet Engines :: physics jet jets engine engines

The BasicsA sooty engine can be divided into several distinct sections intake, compressor, diffuser, combustion chamber, turbine, and exhaust. These sections are much like the different cycles in a four-stroke reciprocating engine intake, compression, power and exhaust. In a four-stroke engine a fuel/air mixture is is brought into the engine (intake), compressed (compression), and finally ignited and pushed out the exhaust (power and exhaust). In its most basic form, a jet engine works in much the same way. * Air comes in the front of the engine where it enters the compressor. The air is compressed by a series of lesser spinning blades aptly named compressor blades and leaves at a high pressure. The pressure ratio between the beginning and end of the compressor can be as much as 481, but almost always 121 or more. * The air now enters the diffuser, which is nonhing more than an area where the air can fill out and lower its velocity, thus increasing its pressure a little bit more. * The high pressure air at the end of the diffuser now enters the combustion chamber where it is mixed with fuel, ignited and burned. * When the fuel/air mixture burns, the temperature increases (obviously) which makes the air expand. * This expanding gas drives a set of turbine blades located aft of the combustion chamber. At least(prenominal) some of these turbine blades are connected by a shaft to the compressor blades to drive them. Depending on the type of engine, there may be another set of turbine blades use to drive another shaft to do other things, such as turn a propeller or generator. * The left over energy not extracted by the turbine blades is pushed out the back of the engine (exhaust section) and creates thrust, usually used to drive an airplane forward.The types of jet engines include * turbofan engine * Turbofan * Turboprop * Turbo shaftTurbojetThe turbojet is the simplest of them all, it is just as described in The basic s section. This style was the first type of jet engine to be used in aircraft. It is a pretty primitive style used mostly in early military jet fighters such as the F-86.

The Well by Elizabeth Jolley and Relationship of Hester and Katherine E

The Well by Elizabeth Jolley and Relationship of Hester and KatherineHester harper is a lonely, single lady in The Well. It was herloneliness, lack of love and need for companionship that made herbring Katherine home. She did not have a life of her own. Katherinewas an unloved child, who had already been rejected by plenty in hercountry until she luckily met with Hester. Katherine formed a closerelationship with Hester, and soon realised that Hester was quite fondof her. Katherine fulfilled all her requirements, and Hester believedthat it is the beginning of a secure and loving relationship. Hesterspoiled Katherine and made her life incredibly comfortable she didnot want to ever let go of her.Katherine was incredibly good at manipulating Hester. She displayedher care and friendliness on the first day that she was brought home,Oh Miss Harper I will. Thank youshe hugged and kissed her. She wasall open and honest to Hester, it seemed strange that a recipe personwould show affection to a stranger, without even forming a closerelationship. Katherine from the first day, had a concealed motive byknowing that Miss Harper was a well respected and rich lady and forthis reason was already trying to take advantage of her, trying to winher love so she could be the replacement daughter and inherit Hestersassets. There is also the time when Katherine convinced Hester toinvite Joanna to come stay for a week. The suspicion gets evenstronger when we turn back about Katherines ability and willingness inthe household and that there was nothing Katherine could not copy orlearn. She seemed to have all the makings of an efficient criminal.It is very droll for a young girl to be willing to sta... ...it. Nevertheless we never find out who stole the money however we doknow that Hester is go forth with nothing. All she ever wanted is for herand Katherine to be happy.Hester and Katherine both tried to take advantage of each other.Hester never wanted to lose Katherine, and had always done what was beat out for her. She tried to make Katherines life the most comfortableas she possibly could. She bought all the things that Katherineinsisted upon, and even told Katherine that she could invite her bestfriend to stay, even though she did not look so kindly upon. AllKatherine ever wanted was the money to use for her own pleasure, shewanted to get everything out of Hester, and was very artful indoing so. She had Hester wrapped up in her little finger. BothKatherine and Hester used each other, but it was really Katherine whowas in the most control.

The Joy Luck Club Essay -- Papers Amy Tan Essays

The Joy Luck Club1.From the film The Joy Luck Club, Chinese girls were so-cal lead to act obedient and respectful to their parents and elders. This included the girls having to abide by each and every Chinese tradition that their parents instilled in them. Girls were also expected to be muted and considerate to their parents and elders. They were only supposed to speak when spoken to at all times. Acting out against anything their parents enforced upon them was completely unacceptable. 2.Much like to their parents and elders, Chinese girls were supposed to be quiet and obedient to their husbands and m otherwises-in-law. Girls were supposed to respect, and non openly question the decisions that were made in the household. These women were taught to always ask what the husband wants and to ignore their own wants and needs. Chinese wives were there mainly to provide the mother-in-law with grandsons.3.Chinese victims of rape were treated with complete disrespect and disbelief . As with the one mother in The Joy Luck Club, she was kicked past by her own family for making such a claim. These rape victims were seen as disrespectful to their families and themselves. One social consequence of claiming rape is that their families shun the women and force them to relegate their homes. Secondly, the community shuns them as well. As with the woman in the film, she was denied work and abandoned by her neighbors. She was eventually forced to marry her assailant in order to hand over her child. 4.One of the main psychological consequences of having the system of many wives and concubines is that not only the husband, but also wives dumbfound complete power over each other as in a hierarchical system. As in the film, the secon... ... did not afford her these things, Lindo is being very cautious, often critical, of her daughter and the choices that she has. 10.The daughters in this film struggled with conventional sex roles mainly due to the infl uence of their mothers. In many cases, the mothers tried desperately hard to encourage their daughters to have power over their lives, be successful, and have a strong self-esteem. This over-encouragement to lead a life that they could not, led many of the daughters to feel inferior because they could not live up to their mothers expectations. In some cases, this led to the daughters getting involved in relationships in which they relied on their husbands for power and support. So in essence, it was their mothers extremely high hopes for their daughters that led them to feeling inferior as women when these hopes could not be fulfilled.

Blakes Portrayal of Creation in Songs of Innocence and Experience Essa

In Jerusalem, Blake famously asserted that I get out not reason and comp atomic number 18 my business is to create. This quote highlights the fact that Blake himself was participating in an inventive process. Northrop Frye commented that man in his creative acts and perceptions is God, and God is man? mans creativity is, for Blake, the manifestation of the divine. The Songs of Innocence and Experience deal with life and the move, in particular, from youth to age. first appearance is an extremely important verbalism of life being its beginning, whether the subject is creating or being created. As religion plays an enormous part in all of Blakes poetry, we can expect creation to book some(a) biblical resonance as well. Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience portray creation ? as they portray most themes ? in entirely different ways. The innocent tiddler in The Lamb automatically answers his own question when he asks ?who made thee It was, of course, God. But the child?s simp le reply conceals more ominous symbolism. By linking himself to the have and Christ, we are reminded uncomfortably of Christ?s great sacrifice and the slaughter of animals in honour of pagan gods. The simplistic, idealistic version of creation in Innocence veils the darker face of a sub-textually present knowledge involving ritual or religious sacrifice, perhaps the inevitable surrender of innocence in favour of experience. Creation in Experience is much more complex. In contrast to image of the lamb, the tiger is a predator, no longer ?meek? and ?mild? but ? majestic? and ?deadly?. The poem progresses with a series of questions, constantly gathering pace and frequency. The poem reaches a climax at the question ?Did He who made the lamb make thee The narrator cannot reco... ...hat it leads to more questions. Blake was almost certainly making a point about the nature in reality of experience, after we have created and have truly been created as adults, we begin to reach a higher understanding of what it means to exist, including the knowledge of death and contingency. This may make us bitter, but it in like manner enables us to become wise, perhaps even reach a higher kind of innocence, a second childhood, in acceptance of the inevitability of age. So eyepatch the mother in Cradle Song sings sorrowfully ?Sleep, sleep, happy sleep,/ While o?er thee thy mother weep? in recognition that her child will one day reach experience, she is also able to see the ?Heavenly face?, which ?Smiles on thee, on me, on all?, regardless of age and experience. For, it seems to suggest, we are all His children, and He bears the same love for His creations as we do for ours.

Blakes Portrayal of Creation in Songs of Innocence and Experience Essa

In Jerusalem, Blake famously asserted that I will not reason and compare my business is to create. This quote highlights the fact that Blake himself was participating in an inventive process. Northrop Frye commented that man in his creative acts and perceptions is God, and God is man? mans creativity is, for Blake, the manifestation of the divine. The Songs of Innocence and Experience deal with life and the move, in particular, from youth to age. Creation is an highly important aspect of life being its beginning, whether the subject is creating or being created. As religion plays an enormous part in all of Blakes poetry, we can expect fundament to have some biblical resonance as well. Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience portray creation ? as they portray most themes ? in entirely distinct ways. The innocent child in The Lamb automatically answers his own question when he asks ?who made thee It was, of course, God. But the child?s simple reply conceals more ominous symboli sm. By linking himself to the lamb and Christ, we are reminded uncomfortably of Christ?s great sacrifice and the slaughter of animals in honour of pagan gods. The simplistic, idealistic recital of creation in Innocence veils the darker face of a sub-textually present knowledge involving ritual or religious sacrifice, perhaps the inevitable surrender of innocence in favour of experience. Creation in Experience is much more complex. In contrast to image of the lamb, the tiger is a predator, no longer ?meek? and ? indulgent? but ?fearful? and ?deadly?. The poem progresses with a series of questions, constantly gathering pace and frequency. The poem reaches a climax at the question ?Did He who made the lamb make thee The narrator cannot reco... ...hat it leads to more questions. Blake was almost certainly making a point about the nature in reality of experience, by and by we have created and have truly been created as adults, we begin to reach a higher understanding of what it mean s to exist, including the knowledge of death and contingency. This may make us bitter, but it also enables us to become wise, perhaps even reach a higher kind of innocence, a second childhood, in acceptance of the inevitableness of age. So while the mother in Cradle Song sings sorrowfully ?Sleep, sleep, happy sleep,/ While o?er thee thy mother weep? in reference that her child will one day reach experience, she is also able to see the ?Heavenly face?, which ?Smiles on thee, on me, on all?, no matter of age and experience. For, it seems to suggest, we are all His children, and He bears the same love for His creations as we do for ours.

Globalization, Nation-States and Transnational Entities Essay

The historic study of the main characteristics and normative legacy of a nation- press out has proved complicated for the neighborly sciences as a whole. During the past few centuries, the nation-state has been deified and demonised equally it has been regarded as modern as well as ancient institute of social and semi governmental community it has been seen as an imagined or imaginary society rational structure of the community it has created as much happiness as well as misery it has been a source for political res publica, cosmopolitanism and ethnic cleansing.It has likewise coexisted with empires colonies, blocks, protectorates, city-states among opposite forms of political organisations. It has gone through and experienced the unification, occupation, totalitarian terror, divisions and then unification. It has won legitimacy around ethnic or racial, republican, liberal, representative class principle and federal (Chernilo, 2007). In spite of all these, a nation-state succe eded to present itself as a solid, stable and as the necessary form of social and political organisation in the contemporary world.The nation-state is a territorial organisation that self-recognizes and deriving its political authenticity from the heap and serving as a exacting body for a country as a sovereign territorial entity (Chernilo, 2007). Most volume view a nation as a political thing that is self evident, a mental of natural culmination of all societies. It is high time people realised that the idea of a nation that europium gave to the world was perhaps short-lived political form, a European exception, a precarious transition between ages of kings and the neo-imperial age (Guehenno & Elliott, 2000).1). Modern nation-states suck up diverse feelings to their territory, compared to the dynastic monarchies it is semi-sanctified, and non-exchangeable. No nation would swap territory with otherwise states simply, for instance, because the kings daughter got married. They consume a discrete type of boundary, in principle specify only by the area of settlement of the depicted object group, although most nation-states also sought natural borders like rivers, lakes, mountain ranges among others.The most outstanding characteristic is the gunpoint to which nation-states use the state as an instrument of field of study unity, in economic, social and cultural dimensions. This is done by promoting economic unity, first by abolishing internal usance and taxes. Nation-states normally have a guideline to form and sustain a national shipping home, facilitating business and movement (DiVanna, 2003). Nation-states usually have more alter and identical public government than its colonial predecessors they are smaller, and the population less diverse.In several instances, the regional administration is also subordinated to central or national government. They also have an identical nationwide customs, through states command principle. The model of the natio n-state suggests that its populace constitutes a nation, fused by a general descent, a common language and various forms of shared culture. When the unity is absent, the nation-state frequently tries to craft it by promoting a homogeneous national language, through language guiding principle.The nation-states create a common curriculum for both primary and secondary education as a way of fostering a common language. In addition, to create a common identity, history of a nation-state is enshrined in their curricula and taught usually in a propagandistic and mythologized edition, and especially during wars some nation-states still teach this kind of history. Language and cultural policy was sometimes negative, stationed at the suppression of non-national elements. Language prohibitions were sometimes used to accelerate the adoption of national languages, and the decline of minority languages.A nation-state has a constitution that is a set of rules that governs its operations and is official. A state is as well recognised but other countries as independent and with the unify Nations by her being a member of the UN. Besides, the state also acts on behalf of the people that are residing in that territory and nation-state is continuous in the sense that a set of leaders come and go but the nation-state remains, thus its continuity. Nationalism being a product of modernity, reflecting on peoples need to snuff it to a social group to have a feeling of security in an environment where a people live.Nationalism has been seen as an intense mash that has resulted into socio-political conflicts all over the world, besides, it has been an instrument for bigotry and social unrests. The key to lasting business viability in a connected world is that each firm is expound of one or more networks of value. Thus collaboration is the pillar to adding value as a network member. More often, people and corporations collaborate because of the profit that may accrue due to such c ollaboration (DiVanna, 2003) A nation defines itself by not only what it is, but as well as what it is not.It is not a social group, neither is it a religious group, nor a racial group a nation is what binds together the citizens of a nation is a amalgamation of historical factors that can not be reduced to a single dimension as social, religious, or racial (Guehenno & Elliott, 2000) an example of a nation is Germany. A state such as Georgia is described as a definite territory in which a legitimate government has the ability to control its bear activities without intrusion from other system of governments (Europa, 2010).It depicts more of a political and geographical area associated with a kind of political body a nation, on the other hand, describes more of a cultural and/or ethnic entity. The term nation-state implies that the two geographically concur, and this distinguishes the nation-state from the other types of state, which historically come first, an example of a state is Georgia. In addition, a nation-state is understood as a political expression of a single or a central and relatively homogenous ethnic group. It groups in truth heterogeneous societies, communities loosely under the guidance of a common religious, and/or dynastic tradition.The basis of segmentation that characterise such communities can be geographical, religious, political, social, economical, ethnical, festinate and even class or caste (European Parliament, 2008), an example of a state is Algeria. 2). The US has territorial boundaries which are not easily swopped. Besides, US is a typic community with her people voluntarily dedicate their most important political loyalties in spite of the many meticulous loyalties economic, spiritual, racial, ethnic, political, social that otherwise divide them. This gives the people of united state to identify with a common culture as a people of a modern nation-state.In addition, the U. S has an impersonal baron structure which bears it legit imacy from a people. A countrys foreign policy, which at time is called the international relations policy, consists of approaches preferred by the state to shield its national interests and to achieve its goals in international relations. The plans are intentionally employed to interact with other nation-states. Contemporarily, due to transnational and globalization activities, the nation-states will also have to interact with non-state actors like terrorists.A nation-states interests are paramount foreign policies are premeditated by the government through high-level decision making progressions. More often than not, creating foreign policy is the job of the head of government and the foreign minister. In some countries the legislature is also involved in the process. 2 b). An example of foreign policy of US is Security from approach is the most paramount foreign policy of any nation. That is a nation should endeavour to have foreign policies that do not wee-wee her vulnerable from physical external attack, either by other countries or by idiosyncratic actors like terrorists.The localise of US foreign policy is thus, geared towards building a power to defend herself from against attack from other nation-states and these individual actors like international terrorists. Security from attack should go beyond the physical attack to include the domestic wellbeing of the American citizens and protect them against some psychological troubles like the loss of their jobs to foreigners, because of perhaps, poor foreign policy on immigration issues, and trade among others.Foreign policy of the US is national interest or international justice which focuses on the role of the US when other nations go against human rights like right to life, by some regimes which go to war and engage in massacre, genocide among others. Others argue that US should contract a foreign policy that protects human right when abused not only in American soil but also in other parts of the word. This may take a more noble form as diplomacy and may go to the extreme as military interpellation if necessary, and then help with the reconstruction of the nation-state in question, like in the case of Iraq (Page & Bouton, 2006).The afterwardmath of World War II saw the creation of European coupler which was seen by many as an escape from the extreme forms of nationalism which had destroyed the continent. This followed the formation of the European Coal and Steel fraternity which, while having the modest aim of consolidated control of the previously national coal and steel industries of its member states, is seen to be the first step which culminated in the formation of the European legal jointure. The founding members of the connection were Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany.It progressed to form a peaceful Europe through cooperation in the 1940s. Due to the war between the east and the west in the 1950s there was need for peace in Europe. Therefore the soviet tanks put down protests against the communist regime in Hungary. In 1957, the launch of the first man-made topographic point satellite by the Soviet Union acted as a pioneer in the space race in addition to the European Economic Community or Common Market that was created by the Rome treaty. The emergence of youth cultures took place in the 1960s bringing with it economic growth.In return, the EU countries halt charging duty on custom in the course of their trade with each other. During this period, they agreed on combinet food production control so that everyone had rich to eat which resulted in excess agricultural produce. In 1973 resulted in a growing community when Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom conjugate the European Union, and raised the occur of members to nine. This period experienced the last right wing dictatorship in Europe due to Salazar regime being overthrown in Portugal and the General Franco of Spains death.The crop in EU affairs by the European Parliament increased and hence all citizens could elect their members directly for the first time. In addition jobs and infrastructure in poorer areas were created when the EU regional policy started to transfer huge sums of money. The changing face of Europe was introduced by the fall of the Berlin wall in the 1980s. Greece additionally joined the European Union followed by Spain and Portugal five years later.The single European Act which is the foundation for a six year program that resolves problems with the free unravel of trade across EU borders and creates the Single market was then signed in 1987. In 1989, the Berlin wall was pulled down and for the first time, the border between eastmost and West Germany was opened and led to the reunification of Germany when these two united in 1990. In the 1990s the European Union developed a Europe without frontiers which resulted in Europeans being closer to each other when in central and Eastern Europe there wa s a collapse of communism.This was when the single market was completed and the foursome freedoms of movement of goods, services, people and money was developed in addition to the Maastricht Treaty on European Union in 1993 and the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1999. Austria, Finland and Sweden join the other member states in 1995, people are allowed to travel without border checks of passports when as, all village in Luxembourg gave its name to the Schengen correspondences, numerous young people were able to study in other countries with the support of EU and with the use of mobile phones and the internet, communication was made easier.From 2000 to present, the European Union experienced further blowup due to the introduction of a new currency for many Europeans. The member states began to work jointly to fight crime and introduced the war on terror after hijacked planes were flown in New York and Washington buildings. More than 10 countries joined EU and between east and west Europe t here was a healing of political divisions (Europa, 2010). b).These major institutions of the European Union are the European Parliament or EP which is elected directly by EUs citizens to act as their representative, the Council of the European Union which is a representative of individual member states and the European Commission which endeavours to sustain the unions interest as a whole. The three form an institutional triangle which makes policies and laws applied throughout the EU. The new laws are proposed by the commission but then they are adopted by the parliament and council.In addition, the Court of Justice which maintains the European law and the Court of Auditors which checks the union activities finances are other institutions that play important roles (Europa, 2010). Moreover, there are also the European Investment Bank, Economic and Social Committee, Committee of the Regions, European Ombudsman, and the European Monetary Institute (ILO, 2010) The countries that make up the European Union are otherwise know as its member states. Though they maintain their independence, they put their power together in order to achieve strength and influence which they could not as individual nations.This means that they give some decision making powers to created institutions which they share so that issues related to a common interest are decided on with democracy at European level. In total, they are27 are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom (Europa, 2010) c).The European Union enables closer relationships between its member states in order to increase on their collective potential. This applies to economic and political activities such as free trade, freedom of movement, and choice of job. In addition it serves to unify the actions of its member countries in cost of security, foreign policy, and cooperation in matters related to police and justice. A lot of beaucracy that was involved with these issues has since been dissolved. In addition it has achieved its principle aim of ensuring Europes stability after the Second World War (ILO, 2010)d). Foreign policy objectives for the European Union include peace building and peace making. This involves prevention and control of war or conflict between member states and other nations. It works to eliminate suffering of related citizens The rule of law and respect for human rights and basic freedom should also be strengthened by pursuing ambitious human rights policy that is based on agreement with the respective clause that is concerned with human rights and democracy.An agreement based upon structured and deep political dialogue should also be established in addition to the implementation of the introduced parliamentary dimension (European Parliament, 2008) 4a). The na tion-states and transnational entities act by the use of foreign policy tools such as diplomatic negotiations, economic aid, and sanctions, trade restrictions, military interpellations, unilateral, or cooperative. These options are evaluated and monitored in attempts to maximize benefits of five-sided international cooperation.A nation-state can use them singly or a combination. b). The consequences of this interaction for international politics are numerous. Some of them include the subordination of national interests of a country to uphold the collective interests of the nation-states, like the United States, or the transnational entities like the European Union. The economic interdependence is likely to either make war between trading partners less likely or, as realists claim, that economic interdependence increases the likelihood of conflict.Such countries that engage in international may be prone to terrorists attacks besides, the nation-state can be less popular in other c ountries when the use military interventions like the case or US intervention in Iraq. References Busby,W. J. , 2010. Who Cares about the Weather? Climate Change and U. S. National Security. Retrieved from http//www. gechs. org/downloads/holmen/Busby. pdf on 12th July, 2010. Chernilo, D. , 2007. A Social Theory of the Nation-State The Political Forms of Modernity beyond methodological Nationalism.New York Routledge. Desmoyers-Davis T. , 2001. Citizenship in Modern Britain. New York, USA Routledge. DiVanna J. , 2003. Synconomy Adding Value in a World of Continuously Connected Business. USA Macmillan. Europa, 2010. Europen Union. Retrieved from on 12th July, 2010. European Parliament, 2008. EU strategy for reform in the Arab world. Retrieved from on 12th July, 2010. Guehenno, J. M.& Elliott, V. , 2000. The end of the Nation-State. Minnesota U of Minnesota Press. International Labour Office (ILO), 2010. European Union (EU). Retrieved from http//actrav. itcilo. org/actrav-english/te learn/global/ilo/blokit/eu. htm. on 12th July, 2010. Page, B. I. & Bouton, M. M. ,2006. The Foreign Policy Disconnect What Americans Want From Our Leaders But Dont Get. Chicago University of Chicago Press Rosenberg, M. , 2010. delineate an Independent Country. Retrieved from http //geography. about. com/cs/politicalgeog/a/statenation. htm

Disabled Athletes

Karen defines disability as persons who have disabilities or individuals with a physical impairment. These people have entered into the maneuver world and various terms have been utilise to describe them in bid to describe sports designed for people with disabilities. However, according to Karen this term does not fully describe entity of sports in which athletes with disabilities can be found. rollick in this context adopts a broader meaning including all individuals with disabilities and hence disability sport focusing more on the competitive sport and athletes with disabilities.This involves goal crank for blind athletes, wheelchair basketball for athletes with physical impairment who use wheelchair, or sitting volleyball for athletes with lower-limb impairments. Disability sport as well includes athletics, swimming, volleyball that have been adopted to include athletes with disabilities. Deaf sport is often considered a separate entity from disability sport, but has wrench included within the context of disability sport. In the past, sport was single accessible to few and many people were locked outside the sporting arena.These included women, members of ethnic minorities, and persons with disabilities, collectible to culture, gender, ethnicity, and class or disability affiliation. Due to these stereotypes, persons with disabilities were marginalized and had limited community in social issues. They had been secluded and disenfranchised and there has been extremely inclusion and acceptance in the sport arena. There was a perception that people with disabilities were easy or physically impaired hence could not participate in sports.Such treatment was besides extended to women as gender and also women with disabilities. The medical restrictions also played part in excluding persons with disabilities form participating in sports. These were also due to the attitude of doctors and lack of knowledge. This has decreased and there is now more investiga te done, appreciation of the abilities of such people as socialization with other members of society increases. There has been a tendency by the society to reject or disapprove youth with disability to deviate from the social role or expectations such as just watching to play.This denies such youths the opportunity to develop appropriate sport behavior early in life. There has also been mixed attitudes toward people with disabilities participating in sports. This perceived frailty, weakness, experience resulting from defeat, has discouraged such people from competing. At the same time, disability sport ahs been viewed as lower sporting activity and not a legitimate sport. Less public recognition, awards, opportunities and media attention ahs not been presumption to this sport.However, there is little emerging integrated participation in sporting take downts. Main barriers to inclusion in sports have been the societys attitude towards individuals with disabilities due to myths, ca tegorizing and hence grouping people, stereotyping, common misconceptions that persons with disabilities could not perform certain sports, lack of organized sport programmes, lack of informal early experiences in sport, lack of learn and training, limited access to sport facilities and limiting psychological and sociological factors.However, some of these barriers have been reduced through change magnitude number of role models for aspiring athletes with disabilities, increasing visibility if disability sport resulting to more sport opportunities, community-based recreational and sport prograsmmes for people with disabilities have increased though they are not sufficient in tapping the potential and the population of individual with disabilities, there is an increased number of trained professionals and physical educators to train people with disabilities.Physical and attitudinal barriers initially limited athletes with disabilities from meaningful participation in sports. Despite the much progress and greater opportunity today for athletes with disability, economic, psychological and social barriers remain. Disability sport has made its mark upon society and individuals with disabilities have become recognized as athletes for their achievements and accomplishments in sports. Legislative framework ahs also made disability sport more accessible.Nowadays physical and competitive sport has become executable opportunities for individuals with disabilities. It is clear that the disability sport is taking root and being assimilated in the social values. The past discrimination has decreased in such magnitudes. Milestones have been achieved even incorporation into the Olympics. However, major challenges still face this sport. The perception of the people having disabilities should change so as not to view themselves as lesser members of the society.The nature of seance as passive recipients of the reformation process needs to be changed to active participation an d pro-activeness in bring more changes within this sector. Competitive sport has not been fully integrated in the developing countries which sill struggle with organizational structures and poverty has not paid much attention to disability sport. It is therefore critical that processes that ask to poverty be addressed by capacity building of the disability groups through funding, education and training.Karen observes that persons with disabilities have participated and won both in the able-bodied arenas and also in the disability sports. This shows great potential among those with disabilities of kind. This potential ought to be tapped and exploited at national and global level through integrated forums like intercontinental sports. At the same time the disability sport is bound to grow as more recognition is given and also may reduce as it sis being integrated into mainstream sport.

Emily Bronte’s poem “Spellbound”

Emily Brontes poem, Spellbound, is evocative and emotive. Its imagery, saturating temperament with vivid emotions, is unforgettable. In dissecting the poem, truly examining it for its constituent parts, one is struck by the mastery with which Bronte is able to fix individual words and have them gush with emotions, conjuring up images in the readers head effortlessly. In the end, Brontes nature is painted as a canvass of entrapment, a majestic masterpiece of beauty that ensnares her imagination but paralyzes her body and soul. Brontes first stanza establishes this motif early.Natures prominence in the poem is unmistakable as she cites the power of the night as it envelopes her. Adding to this good sense of encirclement is the wild character ascribed to the winds, blowing relentlessly. The combination of these two sentiments creates a strong sense of the uncontrollable character of nature night darkens and cannot be stopped, wild winds cannot be tamed. This sense is only heightened in the next line as Bronte ascribes a magisterial composition to these forces, binding hera clear link between the burden of uncontrollable nature and her own sense of paralysis.She explicitly describes this sense of immobility in the final line of the stanza saying, I cannot, cannot go. Thus, in the first stanza, Bronte is clearly fascinated by nature, but eventually overpowered and immobilized by its unyielding power. In the second stanza, Bronte elaborates on the force of nature, ascribing an empty, lifeless quality to it that simultaneously evokes a sense of momentous serenity. The giant trees continue the large scale already created by the night enclose her and the untamed wind. Yet those trees, like Bronte are burdened, held down by snowperhaps an allusion to her own feeling of sagging.The sense of an ominous future is heightened even pass on with her description of a storm fast descending, as she reaffirms her paralysis, again saying that she cannot go. In the third and final stanza, Bronte ties the first two stanzas together. In describing clouds beyond clouds, and wastes beyond wastes, she reaffirms the crushing endlessness of nature and ties it to her hopelessness. If the world is so large, she feels small this sentiment perhaps the source of her unmotivated lethargy. Together, the stanzas add up to a message that underscores the power of nature while also highlighting the sagging weight of its enormity.

Harrison Bergeron Essay

Kurt Vonneguts short story Harrison Bergeron is about a futuristic order where beauty is destroyed to create equality. It centers around the highest official, suitably named, the General Handicapper. His only role to to seek out and find to people who are skilled, pretty, or good at sports and forced them to hide away these talents with masks and waits. It is through basic literary elements that Vonnegut creates and develops the story that general conformity leads to the deformation of humanity.The short story begins in the prox, The year was 2081 and Vonnegut immediately puts out the benefits of this futuristic society, stating everybody was last equal and not adept equal before God but in every way possible (Vonnegut, 1968, p. 7). Vonneguts description foreshadows what is to come in the novel and certainly this forced equality stop only lead to a dangerous and potentially deadly ending. Conformity and the effects of uniformity is a common theme in the bulk of science fictio n literature and Vonneguts short stories are no different.However, in Harrison Bergergon not just the theme of uniformity is explore but also the stripping away of humanity. This short story, the government forces every iodine to be equal nobody was smarter than anybody else. nonentity was better looking than anybody else. Nobody was stronger or quicker than anybody else. (Vonnegut, 1968, p. 7). Government agents force people who are beautiful to wear ugly masks and people who are thin are forced to backpack around weights. The goal of all this control is to make sure that everyone has the same handicaps, the same features, and the same feelings.Even odder is that smart people were forced to wear radios which interfered with in that respect brain functional creating a human society where everyone was equally stupid. By eliminating the the issues, which modern society still deals with, of racism, sexism, and discrimination based on looks, Vonneguts future society should be health y and happy because everyone is the same. However, in the pursuit of equality the loss of humanity took place. Humanity is based on the idea of independence and individualism. The have protagonist of this short story and namesake is Harrison Bergeron.He is a bright and friendly boy who has the most hated qualities in his society. He is intelligent, hand whatsoever, tall, and strong. Due to Harrisions features he is require to do several things to compensate for all his good quality. He is subject to radio noises which stops his concentration and focus. He has to carry hundreds of pounds of extra weight. He also have to wear sun glasses which gives him a head and he has to undergo operating room fort o make him ugly. While awaiting his surgery he escapes and takes over a news station. On air he takes off his handicaps and is revealed to society.When enters the station he is looks like a walking junk yard, required to wear a red rubber ball for a nose, keep his eyebrows shaved off, a nd cover his even white teeth with black caps at snaggle-tooth ergodic ( Vonnegut, 1968, p. 21). He also meets up with a ballerina and she too casts off her imposed disabilities. When the couple dances they shrug off the law of gravity and the laws of motion as well, leaping to kiss the thirty-foot ceiling until finally they remained suspended in air inches below the ceiling, and they kissed each other for a long, long time. It is then that Glampers enters with her shotgun (Vonnegut, 1968, p.22). unfortunately both are killed by the General Handicapper. As a sub plot his parents are watching the news station but once everything is verbalise and done they can not remember what has happened due their forced handicaps. Irony is another literary device that Vonnegut uses in this short story. Vonnegut comments on the look-ism which is apparent in American society. Vonnegut even appears cynical about what passes as average in America. Hazel had a perfectly average intelligence, which m eant she couldnt think about anything draw out in short bursts (Vonnegut, 1968, p. 20).The observation on the ballerinas continues the undercutting humor They werent really very goodno better than anybody else would have been, anyway (Vonnegut, 1968, p. 20). Heavy raillery emerges in the plodding Hazels missing the point, as when she sympathizes with the stuttering announcer for trying real hard to do his best or suggests George might remove some of his weights in the evenings. Compounding the irony she says, I think Id make a good Handicapper General. Good as anybody else, said George. The depart of sounds and the comic brutality of their effect provides another source of comedy.One of Georges winces prompts Hazel to ask the cause. Sounded like somebody hitting a milk nursing bottle with a hammer, he replies. Another sounds like a twenty-one gun salute that leaves George white and trembling and leaves two of the ballerinas on the floor clutching their temples. The final one i s a riveting gun. GeeI could tell that one was a doozy, said Hazel. You can say that again, said George. Gee said HazelI could tell that one was a doozy. (Vonnegut, 1968, p. 41) Hazels stupid behavior and mindset symbolizes the dumbing down of America.In addition the picture is equally symbolic. When this book was written, the television was now found in every home throughout the country. It became the way that people communicated and received news. Reading, literature, and human interaction decreased and was replaced by the mindless sink in of television shows and governmentally run news broadcasts. Hazels aversion to the old days when she could be made to feel like something the cat dragged in (Vonnegut, 1968, p. 22) obviously is not very persuasive The narration in Harrison Bergeron is also interesting.This is because the narration is third person, as if person is looking back on the events that just happened. Third person omnipresent is an interesting choice for narration bec ause it allows the reader into the minds of all constitutions. For example Vonnegut reminds the readers, in third person narration Nobody can be in any way superior to anybody else, as guaranteed by the 211th, 212th, and 213th Amendments to the Constitution, and to the unceasing vigilance of the agents of the United States Handicapper General (Vonnegut, 1968, p. 20). In particular, the motivations of each character which inspire their actions and words.Harrison Bergeron is a very unique short story because Vonnegut manipulates basic literary elements and creates a satire of American ideals and societal norms. Vonnegut is able too, in a tongue and cheek manner, show how the government can create a society which lacks humanity. A government that is left uncontrolled can exert such(prenominal) great power that it can destroy what makes human unique creatures on this planet. In doing so, people become mindless and vulnerable to the governmental propaganda that tells the citizens of a s ociety that these rules are for their own good.

Align Technology. Inc Essay

Who is the member for traditional braces market and for Invisalign?AnswerMembers for Invisaligns Braces Market* CustomersThe patient marks the beginning and stopping point of the demarcation flow in the Invisalign process, seeking a service for malocclusion discussion from their orthodontist. Customers of Invisalign are incentivized by the nearly invisible look, removable while eating ease, and hygiene of the aligners.* OrthodontistsAs for the customer, the orthodontist determines whether or not Invisalign is the appropriate solution. If suitable, the orthodontist will proceed withphotographs, X-rays, impressions of dental arches, a wax bite and an Invisalign prescription for the patient. This information is then sent to the side by side(p) channel member in Santa Clara for processing. The orthodontist also has to make adjustments and corrections to the proposal after they are created in Pakistan.* InvisalignThe Santa Clara headquarters serves as central point mingled with all channel members. Once Invisalign receives the patients information from the orthodontist, employees analyzes the data and constructs plaster and computer models of the current dentition. When completed, this model is forwarded to Pakistan for analysis.* Software DevelopersThe patients treatment plan is designed in Pakistan, which entails simulated tooth apparent motionments for each of the two weeks for the spotless treatment process. Once approved by Invisalign and the orthodontist, these molds are then outsourced to the next channel in Mexico for outpution.* Manufacturers (Mexico)Aligners are created from the molds received. They are trimmed, cleaned, polished and inspected before they are shipped directly to the orthodontist, which then forwards to the end customer.Members for Traditional Braces Market* Customer alike(p) to Invisalign, the customer or patient starts and ends the channel flow in the traditional braces process. The patient may either inquire or be referred by th eir dentist to seek treatment.* DentistThe patient visits their general dentist and if malocclusion is diagnosed, a referral is made to an orthodontist.* OrthodontistsIn the initial visit with the orthodontist, X-rays, photographs and dental moldings are collected from the patient. A treatment plan is created and in the next visit, brackets are cemented to each tooth and linked with an arch wire.Question No 4Are there any gaps in the channel? Are channel members performing functions that Invisalign intends them to do? If not, then Why? AnswerDemand-Side Gaps* Capturing the Existing MarketThis is a bit unexpected, considering the many compelling advantages the increase itself has over traditional braces. May be the gap exists because of deficiency in customer mental satisfaction level or due to the lack of cognizance and trust on Align systems.* Capturing the Potential marketIndeed, only a relatively small proportion of this potential population seeks treatment because of the drawb acks associated with conventional treatment, only when Invisaligns process overcomes many of these shortcomings. This gap might be attributed to the orthodontists and the media advertisement, which is focused on raising awareness, and describes advantages over the conventional method (instead of crack benefits).Supply-Side Gaps* Delivery IncentivesA possible gap in the delivery of the offering may shoot from the underlying economic incentive for orthodontists. So short of the orthodontists possessing very high marque loyalty or customers specifically requesting the Invisalign treatment, the promotion to customers breaks down here. In addition, the ClinCheck simulation takes 3-4 weeks to complete. They may find a way to give incentive to Pakistan to turn around the simulations faster to cut down on production time.* Production Process TimeInvisalign has essentially inserted itself right in the middle of the traditional treatment process. Also, the surgical procedure is entirely customized to each patient. These two facts combined create a longer supply chain that is subject to slow down the production. The Invisalign process includes three centers. The entire process took up to six weeks.Question No 5Are channel power sources affecting Invisaligns success? If so, then how? Answer* Orthodontistsmayhap the greatest power source affecting Invisaligns success is theorthodontist. An orthodontist stands in between Align and the patient and exercise the power of his expertise. The two customer components (health informed and beauty conscious) value their orthodontists opinion. Thats why orthodontists have higher profit margins as compared to Invisalign.* DentistsInvisalign have given exclusive distribution rights to orthodontists. So, they have to a greater extent power. Dentists are mostly the intermediaries who refer the patients to orthodontists and then orthodontists refer patients to Align Corporation for Invisalign systems. The power of Dentists may be li mited or actually they are the intermediaries who are performing the role of referrals. When they feel unsatisfied or their profit margins decrease, they also try to reduce the profit margins of Align Corporation by not referring the patients to orthodontists.* gross revenue ForceInvisaligns gross sales force uses an exhausting structure. They are not giving the incentives to their sales force. The company is relying more on doctors, dentists, website and orthodontists instead of their sales force. The sales force is unmotivated and thats why they are affecting Invisaligns success.* PatientsPatient conformity affects Invisaligns success because of the high degree of participation require for treatment as aligners were removable at the patients discretion. Some orthodontists did not like being associated with a treatment that could fail from no doing of their own. Therefore, patients present a sort of powerdoctors did not want to be associated with them.Question No 6What would you do to complete conversion?AnswerWe propose that Invisaligns offering is closer to the growth stage in the product life cycle than it is to the introduction stage. Marketing channels should change as the product moves along in its cycle. We suggest that dentists must administer the full process. Other suggestions are given below which if the company adopts in future then definitely the positiveness andcustomer base will increase in the near future and the profit margins of all intermediaries will be maximized.* Intensive distributionAlign should move from selective distribution to intensive. The increased number of retailers (dentists and orthodontists) makes it easier and more likely for patients to receive treatment (enhance spatial convenience). The increased distribution should drive prices down as retailers fight for customers.* Better IncentivesDentists are incentivized by volume of patients and perform non-specialized tasks that require less treatment, all opposite of the o rthodontists. This match brilliantly with the Aligns offering. In fact, most of the characteristics seen as unattractive from the orthodontists would be viewed as benefits for dentists.* Target CustomersThe offering can be adjusted to match the needs and wants of the various segments of customers. Each patient segment (prior use, beauty and health conscious) has different preferences and a varied tendency to buy, as would the retailers (dentists and orthodontists). The other side to this is Align can fire bad orthodontists* Brand BenefitsBecause brand awareness is achieved (80 percent), advertisement should shift focus from aesthetic advantages over the traditional system to brand benefits. The existing approach targets the existing market. They must position their product on the basis of brand benefits and try to ensure the targeted customers that Invisalign is the best suitable solution.Referenceshttp//www.consumerpsychologist.com/distribution.htmlhttp//www.businessihub.com/the-r ole-of-marketing-channels/http//teamjaker.wikispaces.com/Invisalign

Report on Mobile Banking

Table of content Tropic launch Part Introduction of the Report fluid Banking Background Challenges for a zippy Banking Solution Basic nimble Banking Technologies Objectives of the Study Methodology of the Report Literature Review Analysis Part History of busy Banking in Bangladesh History of prompt Banking in Abroad Features/Mobile Banking Services Advantages of Mobile Banking disadvantages of Mobile Banking Future Prospect of Mobile arseting in Bangladesh Current position of Bangladesh Findings & Recommendations Findings of the Report Recommendations of the study demonstration Conclusion of the reportBibliography Reference Introduction Mobile Banking Mobile cussing (also known as M-Banking, m-banking, SMS Banking) is a term habitd for performing end checks, write up performances, salarys, credit applications and other banking transactions by a quick twist such as a prompt remember or Personal Digital Assistant (PDA). The earliest erratic banking run were spin ed over SMS. With the introduction of the beginning primitive smart ph is with WAP support enabling the consumption of the meandering(a) wind vane in 1999, the first European banks started to offer ready banking on this platform to their clients.Mobile banking has until recently (2010) most often been performed via SMS or the Mobile Web. Apples initial success with i-Ph oneness and the rapid fireth of phones establish on Googles Android (operating constitution) attain direct to increasing use of special client programs, called apps, downloaded to the diligent device. A diligent banking conceptual model In one academic model, runny banking is defined as Mobile Banking refers to provision and a ailment of banking and monetary serve with the jockstrap of nimble telecommunication devices.The scope of offered work may include facilities to conduct bank and stock foodstuff transactions, to administer grades and to entry customized information. According to this model M obile Banking tush be verbalise to consist of three inter-related concepts Mobile Accounting Mobile Brokerage Mobile Financial Information Services Most functions in the categories designated Accounting and Brokerage argon transaction- based. The non-transaction-based go of an informational nature are thus far es directial for conducting transactions for instance, balance inquiries might be deprivationed before committing a money remittance.The accounting and brokerage services are in that locationfore offered forever in combination with information services. Information services, on the other hand, may be offered as an independent module. Mobile phone banking may also be used to help in business concern puddlen situations Trends in meandering(a) banking Over the last few years, the wandering and wireless market has been one of the fast growing markets in the foundation and it is still growing at a rapid pace. According to the GSM Association and Ovum, the number of nimble subscribers exceeded 2 one million million million in folk 2005, and now exceeds 2. billion (of which more(prenominal) than 2 billion are GSM). According to a study by monetary consultancy Client, 35% of online banking households testament be development mobile banking by 2010, up from less than 1% today. Upwards of 70% of bank center call volume is projected to tot up from mobile phones. Mobile banking will eventually allow exploiters to make defrayments at the physical point of sale. Mobile contact less payments will make up 10% of the contact less market by 2010. A nonher study from 2010 by Berg Insight forecasts that the number of mobile banking users in the US will grow from 12 one thousand billion in 2009 to 86 million in 2015.The identical study also predicts that the European market will grow from 7 million mobile banking users in 2009 to 115 million users in 2015. Many believe that mobile users move over just started to fully utilize the data capabilit ies in their mobile phones. In Asian countries worry India, China, Bangladesh, Indonesia and Philippines, where mobile infrastructure is comparatively better than the fixed-line infrastructure, and in European countries, where mobile phone penetration is very high (at least 80% of consumers use a mobile phone), mobile banking is likely to appeal even more.Mobile banking business models A wide spectrum of Mobile banking models is evolving. However, no matter what business model, if mobile banking is being used to attract low-income states in often rural locations, the business model will depend on banking agents, i. e. , retail or postal fall outlets that process financial transactions on behalf telcos or banks. The banking agent is an important part of the mobile banking business model since guest care, service quality, and cash vigilance will depend on them.Many telcos will work through their local air time resellers. However, banks in Colombia, Brazil, Peru, and other markets use pharmacies, bakeries, etc. These models differ primarily on the enquiry that who will establish the relationship (account opening, deposit taking, lending etc. ) to the end customer, the Bank or the Non- Bank/Telecommunication Company (Telco). Another difference lies in the nature of agency agreement surrounded by bank and the Non-Bank.Models of branchless banking burn be classified into three broad categories Bank Focused, Bank-Led and Nonbank-Led. Bank-focused model The bank-focused model emerges when a traditionalistic bank uses non-traditional low-cost sustainy enthrals to pass on banking services to its existing customers. Examples- guide from use of automatic teller machines (ATMs) to internet banking or mobile phone banking to appropriate certain limited banking services to banks customers. This model is additive in nature and may be seen as a modest auxiliary of conventional branch-based banking.Bank-led model The bank-led model offers a distinct alternative to conventional branch-based banking in that customer conducts financial transactions at a whole range of retail agents (or through mobile phone) instead of at bank branches or through bank employees. This model promises the potential to substantially increase the financial services outr separately by apply a dissimilar delivery channel (retailers/ mobile phones), a antithetical trade partner (telco / chain store) having experience and target market distinct from traditional banks, and may be significantly cheaper than the bank-based alternatives.Non-bank-led model The non-bank-led model is where a bank has a limited role in the day-to-day account counselling. Typically its role in this model is limited to safekeeping of monetary resource. Account caution functions are conducted by a non-bank (e. g. telco) who has direct contact with individual customers. Mobile Banking Background A woman counts her cash after a withdrawal from the first cash point machine in London, in 1967. For 30 years, financial institutions go been on a quest to satisfy their customers fill for more convenience.First came the automatise teller machine (ATM), which New Yorks Chemical Bank introduced to the American public in 1969. It did little more than dispense cash at first, entirely the ATM evolved over time to become a true bank-a style-from- bank, providing a full suite of financial transactions. Then come Internet banking in the mid-1990s, which enabled consumers to access their financial accounts using a home calculating machine with an Internet connection. scorn its promise of ultimate convenience, online banking saw slow and tentative growth as banks worked out technology bring ons and built consumer trust.Today, Internet banking has reached a critical mass, with about 35 percent of U. S. households conducting bank transactions online. Not so with mobile phones. They can be carried anyplace and are by an enormous number of the great unwashed. More than 238 million mint in the U. S. have mobile phones. Thats a whopping 78 percent of the population. And worldwide there are more than 3. 25 billion mobile phone subscribers, with penetration topping 100 percent in Europe. If mobile phones only delivered voice data, then their use as a fomite to deliver banking services would be limited.Most phones, however, also provide text- pass along capabilities, and a growing number are Web-enabled. That makes the mobile phone an ideal medium through which banks can deliver a wide variety of services. Banks classify these services based on how information flows. A pull transaction is one in which a mobile phone user actively requests a service or information from the bank. For exercise, inquiring about an account balance is a pull transaction. So is guidering funds, paying a bill or requesting a transaction story.Because banks must respond or seize on slightly action based on the user request, pull transactions are considered two-way exchanges. A push t ransaction, on the other hand, is one in which the bank sends information based on a set of rules. A minimum balance alert is a good example of a push transaction. The customer defines the rule Tell me when my balance gets to a lower place $100 and the bank generates an automatic message any time that rule applies. Similar alerts can be sent whenever there is a debit transaction or a bill payment. As these examples illustrate, push transactions are generally one way, from he bank to the customer. We can also classify mobile banking based on the nature of the service Transaction-based services, such as a funds transfer or a bill payment, involve movement of funds from one source to another. Inquiry-based services dont. They simply require a response to a user query. The chart below summarizes these various types of mobile banking services Push Pull Funds transfer Transaction peak payment Share trade Check order Minimum balance Account balance inquiry Inquiry alert Account state ment inquiry Credit/debit alert Check status inquiry Bill payment alert Transaction historyClearly, push transactions are not as complex as their pull counterparts. Mobile banking resultants also vary in their degree of complexity, and well-nigh only offer a fraction of the services you would find in a bricks-and-mortar branch. In this respect, mobile banking isnt al slipway full-service banking. The factors that affect this are the type of phone being used, the service plan of the mobile subscriber and the technology framework of the bank. Well look at these technologies next. Challenges for a Mobile Banking Solution Key disputes in maturation sophisticated mobile banking applications are Handset operabilityThere are a large number of different mobile phone devices and it is a big challenge for banks to offer mobile banking solution on any type of device. Some of these devices support Java ME and others support SIM Application Toolkit, a WAP browser, or only SMS. sign interope rability issues however have been localized, with countries like India using portals like R-World to enable the limitations of low end java based phones, opus focus on areas such as South Africa have defaulted to the USSD as a basis of communication achievable with any phone.The desire for interoperability is largely dependent on the banks themselves, where installed applications (Java based or native) provide better warranter, are easier to use and allow development of more complex capabilities similar to those of internet banking while SMS can provide the prefatorys but becomes backbreaking to operate with more complex transactions. There is a myth that there is a challenge of interoperability betwixt mobile banking applications due to perceived lack of familiar technology standards for mobile banking.In practice it is too early in the service lifecycle for interoperability to be addressed within an individual country, as very few countries have more than one mobile banking service provider. In practice, banking interfaces are well defined and money movements between banks follow the IS0-8583 standard. As mobile banking matures, money movements between service providers will naturally adopt the same standards as in the banking world. On January 2009, Mobile Marketing Association (MMA) Banking Sub-Committee, chaired by CellTrust and VeriSign Inc. published the Mobile Banking Overview for financial institutions in which it discussed the advantages and disadvantages of Mobile Channel Platforms such as Short Message Services (SMS), Mobile Web, Mobile Client Applications, SMS with Mobile Web and Secure SMS. bail Security of financial transactions, being executed from some remote location and transmission of financial information over the air, are the most complicated challenges that need to be addressed jointly by mobile application developers, wireless meshing service providers and the banks IT departments.The followers aspects need to be addressed to o ffer a secure infrastructure for financial transaction over wireless network Physical part of the hand-held device. If the bank is offering smart-card based protective cover, the physical security of the device is more important. Security of any thick-client application running on the device. In case the device is stolen, the hacker should require at least an ID/ war cry to access the application. Authentication of the device with service provider before initiating a transaction.This would ensure that unauthorized devices are not connected to perform financial transactions. substance abuser ID / Password authentication of banks customer. Encryption of the data being catching over the air. Encryption of the data that will be stored in device for later / off-line analysis by the customer. One-time passwords (OTPs) is the latest tool used by financial and banking service providers in the fight against cyber fraud. Instead of relying on traditional memorized passwords, OTPs are requested by consumers each time they want to perform transactions using the online or mobile banking interface.When the request is received the password is sent to the consumers phone via SMS. The password is expired once it has been used or once its scheduled life-cycle has expired. Because of the concerns made explicit preceding(prenominal), it is extremely important that SMS gateway providers can provide a decent quality of service for banks and financial institutions in regards to SMS services. Therefore, the provision of service level agreements (SLAs) is a requirement for this industry it is necessary to give the bank customer delivery guarantees of all messages, as well as measurements on the speed of delivery, throughput, etc.SLAs give the service parameters in which a messaging solution is guaranteed to perform. Application distribution Due to the nature of the connectivity between bank and its customers, it would be impractical to expect customers to regularly visit bank s or connect to a web site for regular upgrade of their mobile banking application. It will be expected that the mobile application itself check the upgrades and updates and download necessary patches (so called Over the Air updates). However, there could be many issues to implement this approach such as upgrade / synchronization of other dependent components.Basic Mobile Banking Technologies There are four entire approaches to mobile banking. The first two rely on technologies that are standard features on almost all cell phones. Interactive Voice Response (IVR) If we have ever called our credit card issuer and meander through a confusion of prompts For English, press 1 for account information, press 2 then youre familiar with interactive voice response. In mobile banking, it works like this Banks advertise a set of numbers to their customers. Customers dial an IVR number on their mobile phones. They are greeted by a stored electronic message followed by a menu of options. Cus tomers select an option by pressing the corresponding number on their keypads. A text-to-speech program reads out the desired information. IVR is the least sophisticated and the least mobile of all the solutions. In fact, it doesnt require a mobile phone at all. It also only allows for inquiry-based transactions, so customers cant use it for more advanced services. ObjectiveThis report focuses on the role of Mobile Banking and its potential to provide sanctioned banking services to the vast majority of unbanked people in world. The rationale for M- banking as an appropriate tool for transforming banking stems from two observations traditional retail banks do not deliver services tailored to fit the currently unbanked which has led to a gap in the market. Further, the fast diffusion of mobile telecom networks has enabled M-banking service operators to draw on the geographic coverage of mobile networks and diverse needs of the client base.Hence, the common assumption behind M- Banki ng ventures is the potential of mobile phones as a channel for proletariat financial transactions. The objective of the study is to take a fresh look at the current M-Banking experience in a selected number of countries using first-string and secondary data from the existing pool of literature. Methodology The study has been done mainly based on primary and secondary sources of data or information. The first is an exploratory research based on secondary data obtained through the Net, books and related journals.Secondly, survey questionnaire was administered to empirically assess the level of adoption of m-banking in Bangladesh including different publications (i) Bangladesh Institution of Bank Management (ii) Bank for planetary Standard Working (iii) Papers International and local Publications (iv) Different seminar papers (v) Information from Internet information collection procedure Primary data sources Primary data has been collected from Dhaka based some selected banks e. g . Dutch Bangla Bank Ltd. , BRAC Bank Ltd These banks are considered as the private commercial banks and foreign banks respectively.Primary data collections are done by the interviewing method with proper questionnaire. Secondary data sources Secondary data has been collected from different publication material and web site as well as the books and material from different libraries, the hand note of the various seminars. Literature Review El-Sherbini et al. (2007) Investigated the customers perspectives of mobile banking, their perceived importance for it, usage patterns and problems rising on its utilization. The paper discussed the strategical implications of the research findings.Empirical data were gathered from bank customers in Kuwait to achieve the research objectives. each bank customers in Kuwait were considered as population of research vex. The results showed the perceived importance of internet banking services by customers, current and potential use of MB services in Kuwait and problems perceived by bank customers in using MB. The researchers main hypothesis tested that top five services considered relative important in Kuwait banks were Review account balance, Obtain detailed transactions histories, Open accounts, Pay bills and transplant funds between own accounts. Sathye (1999)Analyzed the factors affecting the adoption of Mobile banking by Australian consumers. His sample was from individual residents and business firms in Australia. The study focused on the capital cities where use of mobile internet and population was likely to be high. White and yellow pages were used as the frame of reference for person-to-person and business customers, respectively. The findings suggest that security concerns and lack of awareness about mobile banking and its benefits stand out as being the obstacles to the adoption of mobile banking in Australia. He also suggests some of the ways to address these impediments.Further, he suggests that delivery of fina ncial services over the Internet should be a part of overall customer service and distribution strategy. These measures could help in rapid migration of customers to mobile Internet banking, resulting in considerable savings in operating costs for banks. Rotchanakitumanuai and Speece (2003) Investigated why corporate customers do not swallow up mobile banking, which can assist banks to implement this self-service technology more efficiently. Many Thai banks are currently implementing mobile banking. Banks that offer service via this channel claim that it reduces costs and makes them more competitive.However, many corporate customers are not highly enthusiastic about mobile banking. They used in-depth qualitative interviews methodology for put in their data. The interviews with Thai firms suggested that security of the Internet is a major factor inhibiting wider adoption. Those already using Internet banking seem to have more confidence that the system is reliable, whereas non-user s are much more service conscious, and do not trust financial transactions made via Internet channels. Non-mobile banking users tend to have more negative management attitudes toward adoption and are more likely to claim lack of resources.Legal support is also a major barrier to Internet banking adoption for corporate customers. Ahmed Ali said I think I should clarify some of the suggestions you gave. 1. I agree that GP should have an option to link to bank accounts. But until now they have refused to allow such a link. 8 Banks already have this technology but GP has prevented them from serving GP customers. Banks have taken the maiden but GP has stopped it just because they can and thinking that their proposal will pass. 2. Yes GP will not pay interest. But that doesnt stop GP from earning interest on this money (the simply put it together and put it in a FDR) 3.As much as GP wants you to belive, Bangladesh isnt the only country where there are more mobile users than bank users. ( I will get into that in another article). None of those countries are considering GPs version of mobile banking. 4. Short term deposits are more crucial to the banking industry than what you estimate. Nowhere in the world has a mobile company been put in charge of short term deposits. GP intelligibly didnt have good intentions. Otherwise all the foreign banks wouldnt group with local banks to oppose this outlandish proposal. Again this is not only me that feel this way.The entire world acted in opposition to GPs Mobile Banking Thesis. GPs Mobile Banking is not the same as Mobile Banking History of Mobile Banking in Bangladesh Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited (DBBL) has for the first time introduced its mobile banking service expanding the banking service from cities to remote areas. Bangladesh Bank Governor Atiur Rahman yesterday inaugurated the service by depositing Tk 2,000 and withdrawing Tk 1,500 through Banglalink and Citycell mobile networks in Motijheel area. Bangladesh Bank has al ready allowed 10 banks to initiate mobile banking. Of them DBBL kicked off first. Mobile banking is an alternative to the traditional banking through which banking service can be reached at the doorsteps of the deprived section of the society, the central bank governor said at an inaugural press briefing at Hotel Purbani. Atiur Rahman said through mobile banking various banking services including depositing and withdrawing money, payment of utility bills and reach remittance to the recipient would be possible. By going to the DBBL-approved Citycell and Banglalink agents throughout the country the subscribers on showing necessary papers and payment of a fee of Tk 10 can open an account.To avail of the banking service a subscriber will require owning a cell phone of any provider and he will be given a four-digit PIN. By using the PIN he can operate all types of banking services including depositing and withdrawing money maintaining security and secrecy of his account. The customer wil l hand over cash to the agent and the agent will initiate the transaction from his mobile phone, the agent will help the account carrier to do the banking using his PIN. A customer can deposit or withdraw money five times a day and he can deposit or draw Tk 5,000 per day.One percent of the transaction account or Tk 5, whichever is higher, will be taken as cash-in-charges. In case of cash out the charge will be 2 percent of the transaction amount or Tk 10. However, the registration fee, salary and remittance outgo services will be provided free of cost. Features/Services of DBBL Mobile Banking Customer Registration Cash-in (cash deposit) Cash-out (cash withdrawal) Merchant Payment Utility Payment Salary Disbursement Foreign Remittance Air-time Top-up Fund Transfer BRAC Bank Limited is set to introduce mobile banking secondly, a top official said the service will enable millions of banked and unbanked people to deposit, withdraw and transfer money through mobile phones. BKa sh, a joint venture between BRAC Bank and US-based Money in Motion, will provide mobile banking with a fully encrypted VISA technology platform for transactions through mobile phones. Any mobile user can register and open up a bKash account and then do transactions through their mobile phones in easy, convenient and reliable way. bKash will fundamentally change the way people now do transactions, as all transactions will be possible through mobile phones in future, said Syed Mahbubur Rahman, managing managing director of the bank. Customers will not need to come to the bank rather the bank will go to them, he said at a press conference in Dhaka on the causation of its 10th founding anniversary. The bank said a bKash account will act as a digital mobile wallet and anybody can take the service. Your mobile phone will become your wallet. Customers can get financial services through phones, even by the handset that costs the lowest, Rahman said.Under a alliance with UNDP and Local Gov ernment Division, bKash is rolling out mobile banking in 4,501 union parishads in the country. bKash has already signed a deal with a leading mobile operator and is in talks with others to enable all mobile users currently around 7. 5 crore to have individual digital wallets, said Mamdudur Rashid, deputy managing director of the bank. BRAC Bank launched its operation 10 years back with the objective of bringing unbanked people under formal banking coverage. The business model of the bank is to mobilise deposits from urban areas and disburse it to rural areas.The countrys youngest bank has already set some records it has acquired over 12 lakh customers, bringing full banking services not only to midget and medium enterprises, but all strata of the banking industry, said the bank Being the youngest Bangladeshi bank, we have emerged as the largest SME bank serving about 3. 65 lakh entrepreneurs at grassroots level, an achievement that helped global recognition for this Bangladeshi b ank, said Rashid The bank believes in 3P philosophy people, planet and profit and has been active in Green banking.It has already turned 22 of its SME Unit Offices solar-powered and plans to convert the rest in the same manner by 2012. History of Mobile Banking in Abroad Improving access to financial services, such as savings, deposits, insurance and remittances, is vital to reducing poverty. Savings can help poor people to invest in productive assets like livestock, a loan may help to expand business activities, and insurance can provide income for a family if a breadwinner becomes sick. In many developing countries, however, 9 out of 10 people do not have a bank account or access to basic financial services.Poor people are often not considered viable customers by the formal financial sector as their transaction sizes are small, and many live in remote areas beyond the reach of banks branch networks. Informal banking services such as microfinance and village savings and loan assoc iations remain limited in their reach. The first mobile banking and payment initiatives were announced during 1999 (the same year that Fundamo deployed their first prototype). The first major deployment was made by a company called Pay box (largely supported financially by Deutsche Bank).The company was founded by two young Germans (Mathias Entemann and Eckart Ortwein) and successfully deployed the solution in Germany, Austria, Sweden, Spain and the UK. At about 2003 more than a million people were registered on Pay box and the company were rated by Gartner as the leader in the field. Unfortunately Deutsche Bank withdraws their financial support and the company had to reorganise quickly. All but the operations in Austria closed down. Another early starter and also identified as a leader in the field was a Spanish initiative (backed by BBVA and Telephonica), called Mobi Pago.The name was later changed to Mobi Pay and all banks and mobile operators in Spain were invited to join. The p roduct was launched in 2003 and many retailers were acquired to accept the special USSD payment confirmation. Because of the complex shareholding and the constant political challenges of the different owners, the product never fulfilled the promise that it had. With no marketing support and no compelling reason for adoption, this initiative is floundering at the moment. Many other large players announced initiatives and ran pilots with big fanfare, but never showed traction and all initiatives were ultimately discontinued.Some of the early examples are the famous monger machines at the Helsinki airport supported by a system from Nokia. Siemens made announcements in conjunction with listed and high-flying German e-commerce company, Brokat. Brokat also won the lucrative Vodafone contract in 2002, but crashed soon afterwards when it runs out of funds. Israel (as can be expected) produced a large number of mobile payment start-ups. Of the many, only one survived Trivnet. Others like Adamtech (with a technically sound solution called Cell pay) and Paytt disappeared after a number of pilots but without any successful production deployments.Initiatives in Norway, Sweden and France never got traction. France Telecom launched an ambitious product based on a special mobile phone with an integrated card reader. The solution worked well, but never became touristed because of the unattractive, special phone that participants needed in order to perform these payments. Since 2004, mobile banking and payment industry has come of age. Successful deployments with positive business cases and big strategic impact have been seen recently. Features/Mobile Banking Services (In General)Mobile banking can offer services such as the following 1) Account Information Mini-statements and checking of account history Alerts on account activity or passing of set thresholds Monitoring of term deposits Access to loan statements Access to card statements Mutual funds / justness state ments Insurance policy management Pension plan management 2) Payment, Deposits, Withdrawals & Transfers Domestic and international fund transfers Micro-payment handling Mobile recharging Commercial payment processing Bill payment processingA specific sequence of SMS messages will enable the system to verify if the client has sufficient funds in his or her wallet and authorize a deposit or withdrawal transaction at the agent. When depositing money, the merchant receives cash and the system credits the clients bank account or mobile wallet. In the same way the client can also withdraw money at the merchant through exchanging sms to provide authorization, the merchant hands the client cash and debits the merchants account. 3) Investments Portfolio management services Real-time stock quotes Personalized alerts and notifications on security prices 4) Support ? Status of requests for credit, including mortgage approval, and insurance coverage Check (cheque) book and card reques ts deputise of data messages and email, including complaint submission and tracking 5) Content Services General information such as weather updates, instigator- red-hots Loyalty-related offers Location-based services Based on a survey conducted by Forrester, mobile banking will be attractive mainly to the younger, more tech-savvy customer segment. A third of mobile phone users order that they may consider performing some kind of financial transaction through their mobile phone.But most of the users are interested in performing basic transactions such as querying for account balance and making bill payment. Advantages of Mobile Banking The biggest advantage that mobile banking offers to banks is that it drastically cuts down the costs of providing service to the customers. For example an average teller or phone transaction costs about $2. 36 each, whereas an electronic transaction costs only about $0. 10 each. Additionally, this new channel gives the bank ability to cross-sel l up-sell their other complex banking products and services such as vehicle loans, credit cards etc.For service providers, Mobile banking offers the next surest way to achieve growth. Countries like Korea where mobile penetration is nearing saturation, mobile banking is helping service providers increase revenues from the now static subscriber base. Service providers are increasingly using the complexity of their supported mobile banking services to attract new customers and retain old ones. A very effective way of improving customer service could be to inform customers better. Credit card fraud is one such area.A bank could, through the use of mobile technology, inform owners each time purchases above a certain value have been made on their card. This way the owner is eternally informed when their card is used, and how much money was taken for each transaction. Similarly, the bank could remind customers of outstanding loan repayment dates, dates for the payment of monthly installm ents or simply tell them that a bill has been presented and is up for payment. The customers can then check their balance on the phone and authorize the required amounts for payment. The customers can also request for additional information.They can automatically view deposits and withdrawals as they spend and also pre- schedule payments to be made or cheques to be issued. Similarly, one could also request for services like stop cheque or issue of a cheque book over ones mobile phone. There are number of reasons that should persuade banks in favor of mobile phones. They are set to become a crucial part of the total banking services experience for the customers. Also, they have the potential to bring down costs for the bank itself. done mobile messaging and other such interfaces, banks provide value added services to the customer at marginal costs.Such messages also bear the virtue of being targeted and personal making the services offered more effective. They will also carry bette r results on account of better customer profiling. Yet another benefit is the anywhere/anytime characteristics of mobile services. A mobile is almost always with the customer. As such it can be used over a vast geographical area. The customer does not have to visit the bank ATM or a branch to avail of the banks services. Research indicates that the number of footfalls at a banks branch has fallen down drastically after the installation of ATMs.As such with mobile services, a bank will need to conduct even less employees as people will no longer need to visit bank branches asunder from certain occasions. With Indian telecom operators working on offering services like money transaction over a mobile, it may soon be possible for a bank to offer phone based credit systems. This will make credit cards redundant and also aid in checking credit card fraud apart from offering enhanced customer convenience. The use of mobile technologies is thus a winwin proposition for both the banks and the banks customers.The banks add to this personalized communication through the process of automation. For instance, if the customer asks for his account or card balance after conducting a transaction, the installed software can send him an automated reply informing of the same. These automated replies thus save the bank the need to hire additional employees for servicing customer needs. Disadvantages of Mobile Banking Security Security experts generally agree that mobile banking is safer than computer banking because very few viruses and Trojans exist for phones.That does not mean mobile banking is immune to security threats, however. Mobile users are specially susceptible to a phishing-like scam called smishing. It happens when a mobile banking user receives a fake text message asking for bank account details from a hacker posing as a financial institution. Many people have fallen for this trick and had money stolen through this scam. Online banking is usually done through an encrypted connection so that hackers cannot read transmitted data, but consider the consequences if your mobile device is stolen.While all banking applications require us to enter a password or PIN, many people configure their mobile devices to save passwords, or use insecure passwords and PINs that are easy to guess. Compatibility We need a smart phone to get the most out of mobile banking. Mobile banking is not available on every device. Some banks do not provide mobile banking at all. Others require you to use a custom mobile banking application only available on the most popular smart phones, such as the Apple iPhone and RIM Blackberry. Third-party mobile banking software is not always supported.If we do not own a smart phone, the types of mobile banking we can do are usually limited. Checking bank account balances via text message is not a problem, but more advanced features such as account transfers are generally not available to users of dumb phones. Cost The cost of mobile banking might not appear significant if we already have a compatible device, but we still need to pay data and text messaging fees. Some financial institutions charge an extra fee for mobile banking service, and we may need to pay a fee for software.These extra charges quickly add up, especially if we access mobile banking. Future Prospect of Mobile banking in Bangladesh Based on the International Review of Business Research Papers from World business Institute, Australia, following are the key functional trends possible in world of Mobile Banking. With the advent of technology and increasing use of smart phone and tablet based devices, the use of Mobile Banking functionality would enable customer connect across entire customer life cycle much comprehensively than before.With this scenario, current mobile banking objectives of claim building relationships, reducing cost, achieving new revenue stream will transform to enable new objectives targeting higher level goals such as buildi ng brand of the banking organization. Emerging technology and functionalities would enable to pass water new ways of lead generation, prospecting as well as developing deep customer relationship and mobile banking world would achieve superior customer experience with bi-directional communications.Illustration of objective based functionality enrichment In Mobile Banking Communication enrichment Video Interaction with agents, advisors. Pervasive Transactions capabilities countrywide Mobile wallet Customer Education Test drive for demos of banking services Connect with new customer segment Connect with Gen Y Gen Z using games and social network ambushed to surrogate banks offerings Content monetization Micro level revenue themes such as music, e-book download Vertical posture Positioning offerings over mobile banking specific industriesHorizontal positioning Positioning offerings over mobile banking across all the industries Personalization of corporate banking services Pe rsonalization experience for multiple roles and hierarchies in corporate banking as against the vanilla based segment based enhancements in the current context. Build Brand Built the banks brand while enhancing the Mobile real estate. Current position of Bangladesh Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited (DBBL) is the first bank in Bangladesh, who introduced mobile banking service to bring poor people from remote area under smart banking service.Bangladesh Bank has already allowed 10 banks to initiate mobile banking with the aim to connect the deprived section of the society with the modernistic banking system DBBL is the first runner among of them. DBBL is operating this new innovative banking service through Banglalink and Citycell mobile operator and their approved agents throughout the country. One can create a bank account visiting any of the approved agents showing proper documents with a fee of Tk 10. Subscriber must own a mobile phone to get the service.Once the account is created, a 4 digit mobile banking PIN code will be provided to perform all sort of banking activities unwaveringly and secretly. Subscriber can withdraw and deposit cash amount from his mobile going to the agents and agents will guide and help the customers if there is any difficulty. Since, mobile network is extremely insecure and data are sent unencrypted, a customer can deposit or withdraw money five times a day and he can deposit or draw Tk 5,000 per day. One percent of the transaction amount or Tk 5, whichever is higher, will be taken as cash-in-charges.In case of cash out the charge will be 2 percent of the transaction amount or Tk 10. However, the registration fee, salary and remittance disbursement services will be provided free of cost. M-banking has become one of the most familiar banking service providing technologies in different western countries. Now-a-days billions of inhabitants of Bangladesh are within a network through mobile network coverage. But in the commercial sectors like banking, m-commerce technology has not been adopted broadly yet.Considering m- commerce perspective in Bangladesh a SMS based m-banking system has been proposed which is able to provide several essential banking services only sending SMS to bank server from any remote location. This proposed system is divided into five major phases interfacing module, SMS technology adoption module, SMS banking registration module, service generation module, and data failover module. This system facilitates bank customers by providing four major services like balance enquiry , balance transfer between authenticated customers, DPS payment and bill payment without going to bank physically and save their precious time.At least, after evaluating each module of this developed system a satisfactory accuracy rate 93. 18 % is obtained. Findings In this assignment we can see some Findings Mobile Banking drastically cuts down the costs of providing service to the customers. Service providers are increasingly using the complexity of their supported mobile banking services to attract new customers and retain old ones. A very effective way of improving customer service could be to inform customers better. Credit card fraud is one such area.The banks add to this personalized communication through the process of automation. Mobile banking is not available on every device. Some banks do not provide mobile banking at al. The cost of mobile banking might not appear significant if we already have a compatible device, but we still need to pay data and text messaging fees. Recommendation In this assignment we have some suggestion about mobile banking All banks should provide this chance than mobile banking limitation can be reduced. Government should provide help about mobile banking. ? Rules and Regulations must be stricken about mobile banking. Conclusion Mobile banking is suspended to become the big killer mobile application arena. However, banks going mobile the first time need to step the path cautiously. The biggest closing that banks need to make is the channel that they will support their services on. Mobile banking through an SMS based service would require the lowest amount of effort, in wrong of cost and time, but will not be able to support the full breath of transaction-based services.However, in markets like India where a bulk of the mobile population users phones can only support SMS based services, this might be the only option left. On the other hand a market heavily segmented by the type and complexity of mobile phone usage might be good place to roll of WAP based mobile applications. According to the Gartner Group, mobile banking services will have to support a minimum of 50 different device profiles in the near future. However, currently the best user experience, depending on the capabilities of a mobile phone, is possible only by using a standalone client..Mobile Application based banking is poised to be a big m-commerce feature, and if South Kore as deprive into mass mobile banking is any indication, mobile banking could well be the driving factor to increase sales of high-end mobile phones. Nevertheless, Banks need to take a effortful and deep look into the mobile usage patterns among their target customers and enable their mobile services on a technology with reaches out to the majority of their customers. Reference 1. www. google. om 2. www. answer. com 3. The quotidian star-Friday, July 22, 2011 http//www. thedailystar. net/newDesign/news-details. php? nid=195176 4. Dutch bangle bank ltd Mobile banking http//www. dutchbanglabank. com/electronic_banking/mobile_banking. html 5. BRAC Bank mobile bank news. 6. Shirali S. and Shirali S. M. 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Chipchase, J. , Persson, P. , Piippo, P. , Aarras, M. , & Yamamoto, T. (2005). Mobile essentials field study and concepting. Paper presented at the 2005 Conference on Designing for User eXperience. From http//portal. acm. org/citation. cfm? id=1138301 13. And many other PDF report on Mobile Banking collect from internet